Jesuit, theologian and historian of the School of Salamanca (Talavera de la Reina 1536, Toledo 1624). Taught in Rome and Paris, wrote the monumental Historia de rebus Hispaniae, and had a talent for books that upset kings: his De rege (1598) justified tyrannicide and ended up burned in Paris after Henry IV’s assassination, and his treatise on currency debasement got him prosecuted at 73 (the story is in Inflation is a tax on the poor). A lucid precursor of economic liberalism; today’s Instituto Juan de Mariana, behind the course Rutas hacia la libertad, is named after him.